{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:36:23Z","timestamp":1792524983551,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002739","name":"Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUFF\u2010E\u20102022\u20109\u20109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUFF\u2010E\u20102022\u20109\u20109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heavy drug use has been associated with small\u2010scale drug crime, but the substance use histories of individuals involved in the manufacturing, smuggling and wholesaling of larger quantities of drugs [here referred to as serious drug crimes (SDC)] have been largely unexamined. We estimated and compared the prevalence of drug use disorders (DUDs) among individuals with and without convictions for SDC, and we compared the characteristics of individuals convicted of SDC with and without a history of DUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A register\u2010based retrospective comparative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Denmark.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals convicted of SDC (large\u2010scale:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009232, 98.3% male; moderate\u2010scale:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092955, 92.5% male) and two comparison groups without histories of SDC (general population:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093187, 92.9% male; small\u2010scale drug supply:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097630, 94.0% male), all born in 1985 or later and residents of Denmark.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug crime scale was determined from Danish legal categories and sentence lengths, which primarily reflect drug quantity. Large\u2010 and moderate\u2010scale SDC groups were convicted under Penal Code Section 191, with the former receiving a prison sentence of \u2265 5\u00a0years for a Section 191 offense. The small\u2010scale drug supply comparison group was convicted under the Euphoriants Act but not Penal Code Section 191. The general population comparison group was age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched to the SDC groups and had no Penal Code Section 191 conviction. DUD prior to first supply\u2010related drug crime, socio\u2010demographic characteristics, criminal history, alcohol\u2010related disorders and psychiatric problems were identified using national registers. Adjusted prevalence of DUD was estimated as predicted probabilities from logistic regression models including age and sex as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted DUD prevalence among both SDC groups was higher than in the general population group but lower than in the small\u2010scale supply group [large\u2010scale: 18.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.8%\u201323.3%; moderate\u2010scale: 24.3%, 95% CI = 22.8%\u201325.8%; small\u2010scale: 29.4%, 95% CI = 29.2%\u201329.6%; general population: 3.2%, 95% CI = 2.6%\u20133.8%]. Individuals convicted of SDC with a history of DUD were more likely than those without a history of DUD to have prior alcohol [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.92, 95% CI = 1.49\u20132.46], psychiatric (OR\u2009=\u20094.70, 95% CI = 3.87\u20135.71) and employment problems (OR\u2009=\u20091.65, 95% CI = 1.35\u20132.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals convicted of serious drug crimes in Denmark appear to have a lower prevalence of drug use disorders than individuals convicted of small\u2010scale drug supply but a higher prevalence than members of the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:42:44Z","timestamp":1790314964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Drug use disorders among people convicted of large\u2010, moderate\u2010 and small\u2010scale drug supply crimes: A register\u2010based retrospective comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie Elizabeth","family":"Brummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus BSS Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6931-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freja Ilsing","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus BSS Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus BSS Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1936-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Friis","family":"S\u00f8gaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus BSS Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Old and New Policies, Theories, Research Methods and Drug Users across Europe","author":"Potter 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