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Evidence was analyzed to describe trends in substance use, overdose and related harms, treatment access, harm reduction initiatives, and the broader legal and institutional context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis remain the most widely used substances in Colombia, while emerging synthetic drugs and opioid use have increased pressure on health and social services. Drug\u2010related harms, including overdose and mental health problems, show significant regional and socioeconomic disparities. Although treatment coverage and harm reduction interventions, including community\u2010based programs and supervised consumption services, have expanded in recent years, access remains uneven, particularly in rural and peripheral areas. Colombia's contemporary drug policy reflects a hybrid governance model in which constitutional protections of personal autonomy and recent harm reduction reforms coexist with enforcement\u2010oriented practices shaped by illicit drug markets, armed conflict, and territorial inequality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colombia illustrates both the opportunities and the structural constraints of public health\u2010oriented drug policy in middle\u2010income countries deeply embedded in transnational drug economies. Strengthening surveillance systems, expanding territorially adapted services, and integrating health policy with broader social and development strategies will be essential to consolidate more coherent and equitable responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:00:58Z","timestamp":1791896458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Substance use, related harms and public health responses in Colombia: A national profile"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6594-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n Andr\u00e9s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales y Jur\u00eddicas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Occidente  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Santaella\u2010Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Cristina","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda Departamental de Salud del Valle del Cauca  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhoan Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.World drug report 2025: drug market patterns and trends [Internet]. 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