{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:26:23Z","timestamp":1778081183763,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,11]],"date-time":"2013-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australian Dental Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toll\u2010like receptors are a family of sensor proteins that induce the inflammatory diseases in context of microbial infection. The role of these proteins in periodontal disease and their interaction with smoking status are yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on gene expression of toll like receptor 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102) and toll\u2010like receptor 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104) in patients with periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>RNAs were extracted from gingival biopsies of healthy sites (no bleeding on probing and pocket depth\u00a0\u22643\u00a0mm) as well as diseased sites (with bleeding on probing and pocket depth\u00a0\u22655\u00a0mm) of 20 smoker and 17 non\u2010smoker subjects with chronic periodontitis. Gingival biopsies from eight periodontally healthy, never\u2010smoker subjects served as control. Real\u2010time PCR was carried out to evaluate the relative quantities of TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regardless of smoking status, the relative expression levels of TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 were significantly greater (about 3 fold) at diseased sites compared to healthy sites of patients with periodontitis and healthy controls (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In sites with periodontitis, smoking caused an increase of about 6.5 fold in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels of TLR\u20104 in gingival tissue (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although periodontitis might significantly increase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 gene expression in gingival tissues, smoking habit in periodontitis subjects could selectively potentiate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 gene expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T01:56:51Z","timestamp":1376272611000},"page":"315-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison of relative <scp>TLR<\/scp>\u20102 and <scp>TLR<\/scp>\u20104 expression level of disease and healthy gingival tissue of smoking and non\u2010smoking patients and periodontally healthy control patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center School of Dentistry Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Radvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center School of Dentistry Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad 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