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Studies on treatment\u2010related risk factors include experimental studies on the formation of dentinal microcracks caused by different root canal preparation instruments, as well as experimental studies on the variations in dentine volume and fracture resistance resulting from different access cavity and root canal preparation instruments. Studies on occlusal risk factors encompass high\u2010risk occlusal forces, stress distribution alterations on root due to crown morphology changes and crown restoration. Currently, occlusal analysis techniques and force measurement methods remain limited, with far fewer studies available compared to those on treatment\u2010related risk factors. 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