{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:36:47Z","timestamp":1791268607420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both <jats:italic>dopamine receptor D4<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic>) exon 3 and <jats:italic>tyrosine hydroxylase<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) intron 4 repeat polymorphisms have been linked to activity and impulsivity in German Shepherd dogs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSD<\/jats:styled-content>s). However, the results in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSD<\/jats:styled-content>s may not be generalisable to other breeds, as allelic frequencies vary markedly among breeds. We selected the Siberian Husky for further study, because it is highly divergent from most dog breeds, including the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSD<\/jats:styled-content>. The study sample consisted of 145 racing Siberian Huskies from Europe and North America. We found that this breed possesses seven <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> length variants, two to five more variants than found in other breeds. Among them was the longest known allele, previously described only in wolves. Short alleles of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> repeat polymorphisms were associated with higher levels of activity, impulsivity and inattention. Siberian Huskies possessing at least one short allele of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> polymorphism displayed greater activity in a behavioural test battery than did those with two long alleles. However, the behavioural test was brief and may not have registered variation in behaviour across time and situations. Owners also completed the Dog\u2010Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (Dog\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD RS<\/jats:styled-content>), a more general measure of activity and attention. Siberian Huskies from Europe with two short alleles of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> polymorphism received higher ratings of inattention on the Dog\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD RS<\/jats:styled-content> than did those with the long allele. Investigation of the joint effect of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> showed that dogs possessing long alleles at both sites were scored as less active\u2013impulsive than were others. Our results are aligned with previous studies showing that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> polymorphisms are associated with activity\u2013impulsivity related traits in dogs. However, the prevalence of variants of these genes differs across breeds, and the functional role of specific variants is unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T12:05:21Z","timestamp":1369742721000},"page":"717-727","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["<i><scp>DRD<\/scp>4<\/i> and <i><scp>TH<\/scp><\/i> gene polymorphisms are associated with activity, impulsivity and inattention in Siberian Husky dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Columbia University 1190 Amsterdam Ave. New York NY 10027 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Hejjas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Semmelweis University T\u0171zolt\u00f3 u. 37\u201047 1094 Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Ronai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Semmelweis University T\u0171zolt\u00f3 u. 37\u201047 1094 Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Elek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Semmelweis University T\u0171zolt\u00f3 u. 37\u201047 1094 Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sasvari\u2010Szekely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Semmelweis University T\u0171zolt\u00f3 u. 37\u201047 1094 Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances 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