{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:34:50Z","timestamp":1791146090269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>For centuries, domestic horses have represented an important means of transport and served as working and companion animals. Although their role in transportation is less important today, many horse breeds are still subject to intense selection based on their pattern of locomotion. A striking example of such a selected trait is the ability of a horse to perform additional gaits other than the common walk, trot and gallop. Those could be four\u2010beat ambling gaits, which are particularly smooth and comfortable for the rider, or pace, used mainly in racing. Gaited horse breeds occur around the globe, suggesting that gaitedness is an old trait, selected for in many breeds. A recent study discovered that a nonsense mutation in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMRT<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:italic> has a major impact on gaitedness in horses and is present at a high frequency in gaited breeds and in horses bred for harness racing. Here, we report a study of the worldwide distribution of this mutation. We genotyped 4396 horses representing 141 horse breeds for the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMRT<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:italic> stop mutation. More than half (2749) of these horses also were genotyped for a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content> situated 32\u00a0kb upstream of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMRT<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:italic> nonsense mutation because these two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s are in very strong linkage disequilibrium. We show that the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMRT<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:italic> mutation is present in 68 of the 141 genotyped horse breeds at a frequency ranging from 1% to 100%. We also show that the mutation is not limited to a geographical area, but is found worldwide. The breeds with a high frequency of the stop mutation (&gt;50%) are either classified as gaited or bred for harness racing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T07:23:06Z","timestamp":1390288986000},"page":"274-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Worldwide frequency distribution of the \u2018<i><scp>G<\/scp>ait keeper<\/i>\u2019 mutation in the <i><scp>DMRT<\/scp>3<\/i> gene"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Promerov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University SE\u201075123 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. S.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Juras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX 77843\u20104458 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C. T.","family":"Penedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Reissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture Humboldt University 10115 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Tozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Analysis Department Laboratory of Racing Chemistry Utsunomiya Tochigi 320\u20100851 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Tampa Tampa 33606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ho\u0159\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Genetics CEITEC University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical sciences 612 42 Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Imsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University SE\u201075123 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Imsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menntaskolinn vid Hamrahlid Hamrahlid 10 105 Reykjav\u00edk Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mikko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Modr\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine CEITEC University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical sciences 612 42 Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 612 42 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. H.","family":"Roed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences &amp; Aquatic Medicine Norwegian School of Veterinary Science N\u20100033 Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Schwochow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Vega\u2010Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Aplicada Cr\u00eda Caballar de las Fuerzas Armadas 14080 Cordoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Mehrabani\u2010Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science University of Tehran 54500 Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Yousefi\u2010Mashouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science University of Tehran 54500 Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"G. Cothran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX 77843\u20104458 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University SE\u201075123 Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.26.678.908"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"DiepenbroekM. 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