{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:00:38Z","timestamp":1790949638349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31271320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31271320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31200919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31200919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Domestic yaks (<jats:italic>Bos grunniens<\/jats:italic>) exhibit two major coat color variations: a brown vs. wild\u2010type black pigmentation and a white spotting vs. wild\u2010type solid color pattern. The genetic basis for these variations in color and distribution remains largely unknown and may be complicated by a breeding history involving hybridization between yaks and cattle. Here, we investigated 92 domestic yaks from China using a candidate gene approach. Sequence variations in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1R, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMEL<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TYRP<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> were surveyed in brown yaks; <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TYRP<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> was unassociated with the coloration and excluded. Recessive mutations from <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1R<\/jats:italic>, or p.Gln34*, p.Met73Leu and possibly p.Arg142Pro, are reported in bovids for the first time and accounted for approximately 40% of the brown yaks in this study. The remaining 60% of brown individuals correlated with a cattle\u2010derived deletion mutation from <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMEL<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> (p.Leu18del) in a dominant manner. Degrees of white spotting found in yaks vary from color sidedness and white face, to completely white. After examining the candidate gene <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIT<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>, we suggest that color\u2010sided and all\u2010white yaks are caused by the serial translations of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIT<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> or <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>29<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) as reported for cattle. The white\u2010faced phenotype in yaks is associated with the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIT<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> haplotype <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>wf<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>. All <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIT<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> mutations underlying the serial phenotypes of white spotting in yaks are identical to those in cattle, indicating that cattle are the likely source of white spotting in yaks. Our results reveal the complex genetic origins of domestic yak coat color as either native in yaks through evolution and domestication or as introduced from cattle through interspecific hybridization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T08:03:43Z","timestamp":1404374623000},"page":"652-659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (<i>Bos grunniens<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"M.\u2010Q.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010J.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(96)10031-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2052.2003.00985.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-7-46"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Yak Breeds","author":"Cai 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