{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:23Z","timestamp":1792180703675,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,17]],"date-time":"2017-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This manuscript describes the anatomy of the lower respiratory tract in domestic bird species including the chicken and pigeon. The here described anatomical structures play a major role avian respiration, which is fundamentally different from respiration in mammals. During inspiration and expiration, a continuous caudocranial airflow is present within the tertiary bronchi of the <jats:italic>Paleopulmo<\/jats:italic>, while the <jats:italic>Neopulmo<\/jats:italic>, which is only present in phylogenetically recent species, is characterized by tidal respiration. Various anatomical structures and aerodynamic mechanisms have been described in an attempt to explain the proposed mechanism of respiration. The air sac system that is essential for avian respiration usually comprises an unpaired clavicular air sac and paired cervical, cranial and caudal thoracic, and abdominal air sacs. The latter are by far the larger and are interwoven with the abdominal organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T03:27:30Z","timestamp":1513567650000},"page":"89-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract in domestic birds, with emphasis on respiration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2676-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Casteleyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cornillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Van Cruchten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Van den Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Van Ginneken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Simoens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0571400"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151.1.263","article-title":"The ventilatory movements of the avian pelvis and tail: Function of the muscles of the tail region of the pigeon","volume":"151","author":"Baumel J. 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