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No peptidergic\u2010immunoreactive cell body was observed. Immunoreactive fibres were widely distributed, although in most of the brainstem nuclei the density of the peptidergic fibres was low or very low. In general, the distribution of the immunoreactive fibres containing the peptides studied was very similar. A close anatomical relationship occurred among the fibres containing alpha\u2010neoendorphin, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACTH<\/jats:styled-content> or beta\u2010endorphin (1\u201327), suggesting a functional interaction among the three peptides in many of the brainstem nuclei. The number of fibres belonging to the prodynorphin system was higher than that of the pro\u2010opiomelanocortin system. A moderate\/low density of immunoreactive fibres was observed in 65.11% (for alpha\u2010neoendorphin (1\u201327)), 18.18% (for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACTH<\/jats:styled-content>) and 13.95% (for beta\u2010endorphin) of the brainstem nuclei\/tracts. In the alpaca brainstem, a high density of immunoreactive fibres was not observed. The neuroanatomical distribution of the immunoreactive fibres suggests that the peptides studied are involved in auditory, motor, gastric, feeding, vigilance, stress, respiratory and cardiovascular mechanisms, taste response, sleep\u2010waking cycle and the control of pain transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T07:03:15Z","timestamp":1532070195000},"page":"481-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution of alpha\u2010neoendorphin, <scp>ACTH<\/scp> (18\u201339) and beta\u2010endorphin (1\u201327) in the alpaca brainstem"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3182-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel L.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14) Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  Salamanca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14) Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  Salamanca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences San Ignacio de Loyola University (USIL)  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Cove\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14) Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  Salamanca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Distribution of calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide\u2010like immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of the cat, in relation to choline acetyltransferase\u2010immunoreactive motoneurones and substance P immunoreactive fibers","volume":"2","author":"Batten T. 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