{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:13:23Z","timestamp":1774869203590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004562","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of sexual dimorphism in dog anatomy, especially with regard to skeletal elements, has received little attention. The present work focuses on elements of the canine stylo\u2010 and zeugopodium, less documented than the skull or pelvis in the literature. In order to identify only sex\u2010dependent effects, we analysed a single breed: the German Shepherd Dog. Data come from 25 dogs, with a balanced sex ratio (12 males and 13 females). Four skeletal elements of the forelimb and hindlimb (humerus, radius, femur, tibia) were each measured using seven linear morphometric variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed on these 28 variables. For all measurements, males are on average larger than females, with a mean sexual dimorphism ratio of 1.07. Sexual dimorphism is significant for 92.8% of the variables. Except of femoral measurements, diaphyseal values show the highest grade of sexual dimorphism. The mean level of disparity is higher in the forelimb (1.08) than in the hindlimb (1.05). A significant dimorphism is shown for the first component of principal component analyses conducted on each skeletal element, and for the second component with humerus measurements. Discriminant functions for sex identification give success rates included between 82% for the radius and 93% for the femur, the latter providing the highest reported score for sex identification in dogs from any skeletal element. These complementary statistic methods highlight a more dimorphic forelimb in size and a more dimorphic hindlimb in shape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T03:35:17Z","timestamp":1583897717000},"page":"464-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sexual dimorphism in limb long bones of the German Shepherd Dog"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Belhaoues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean Societies French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) LabEx ARCHIMEDE IA\u2010ANR\u201011\u2010LABX\u20100032\u201001 program University Paul\u2010Val\u00e9ry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Breit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Institute of Topographic Anatomy University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Forstenpointner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Institute of Topographic Anatomy University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armelle","family":"Gardeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean Societies French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) LabEx ARCHIMEDE IA\u2010ANR\u201011\u2010LABX\u20100032\u201001 program University Paul\u2010Val\u00e9ry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Dogs through time: An archaeological perspective","author":"Bartosiewicz L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Dimorphisme sexuel des os longs chez le chien : Analyses statistique des variables ost\u00e9om\u00e9triques lin\u00e9aires chez le Berger allemand","volume":"167","author":"Belhaoues F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revue De M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Statistiques uni\u2010 et multivari\u00e9es appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la biologie : \u00e9tude ost\u00e9omyom\u00e9trique du coxal et du f\u00e9mur chez le chien (Berger allemand et Beagle). 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