{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:52:07Z","timestamp":1791283927127,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diclofenac has been responsible for the deaths of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent. While the pathology of toxicity is well described, the mechanism of toxicity remains elusive. However, it was postulated that toxicity could be related to the unique avian renal vascular structure known as the renal portal valve and that that diclofenac altered valve functionality with subsequent renal ischaemia. While plausible, the <jats:italic>valva renalis portalis<\/jats:italic> has only been described in a small number of other bird species such as the chicken (<jats:italic>Gallus domesticus<\/jats:italic>), the domestic duck (<jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus<\/jats:italic>) and ostrich (<jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic>) but not a raptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal anatomy and related vasculature of the Cape griffon vulture (<jats:italic>Gyps coprotheres<\/jats:italic>) (CGV), a species sensitive to the toxic effects of diclofenac, using gross anatomy, histology and vascular casting. The vasculature of the vulture was found to be almost identical to that of the domestic chicken with the <jats:italic>valva renalis portalis<\/jats:italic> present in the <jats:italic>v. iliaca externa<\/jats:italic> between the <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>renalis renalis cranialis<\/jats:italic> and the <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>renalis caudalus<\/jats:italic>. The valve was ring\u2010shaped with finger\u2010like processes and histologically was composed of smooth muscle. The valve was also well vascularized and was associated with a nerve plexus. Based on the findings of this study, the proposed mechanism of toxicity is anatomically possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T04:09:57Z","timestamp":1593576597000},"page":"836-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Does the renal portal valve exist in a raptor species? A study aimed at further evaluating the mechanism of toxicity of diclofenac in vultures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Havenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinny","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vulpro Rietfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermanus B.","family":"Groenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Radiographic studies of the renal portal system in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"98","author":"Akester A. 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