{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:04:35Z","timestamp":1788980675459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oesophagus is a muscular tube comprised of cervical and thoracic regions. Several studies have clarified the histological structure of the oesophagus. However, its histoarchitecture in relation to variable dietary habits of each species is still unclear. In the current study, 21 pigeons, cattle egrets and ducks, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07, each was used. Macroscopically, the oesophagus of cattle egrets either the cervical or thoracic parts was the longest among the pigeons and ducks. <jats:italic>Histologically<\/jats:italic>, the oesophagus comprised of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa. A great structural variation in these layers among the three investigated species was recorded. In the cervical oesophagus of pigeons, the superficial squamous cells showed perinuclear halo zone, the propria submucosa was characteristically lacked any gland. Moreover, its musculosa was very thick. On the other hand, the intraepithelial glands were characteristically distributed along the whole length of the cattle egret\u2019s oesophagus. Interestingly, the cervical esophagus of the ducks showed submucosal associated lymphatic tissue; diffuse and nodular <jats:italic>Ultrastructurally,<\/jats:italic> the oesophageal glands showed secretory granules of variable electron densities, electron<jats:bold>\u2010<\/jats:bold>lucent in the pigeons and ducks and electron<jats:bold>\u2010<\/jats:bold>dense in the cattle egrets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:31:30Z","timestamp":1624879890000},"page":"788-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Species\u2010specific differences of the avian oesophagus: Histological and Ultrastructural study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Nesma I.","family":"El\u2010naseery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cytology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4276-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa A. A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cytology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Awad","family":"Abuel\u2010Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cytology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael A. 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