{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:06:39Z","timestamp":1774425999221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pineal gland is a small\u2010sized, photo neuroendocrine organ in the midline of the brain that synthesises and secretes melatonin and serotonin. Chords and islands of pinealocytes constitute the secretory parenchyma, while glial tissue and calcifications represent degenerative changes. This study examined human postmortem pineal glands to microscopically assess morphological changes possibly associated with clinical data, by using digital techniques. A retrospective autopsy study has been performed on 72 paediatric and adult autopsy cases. The glands have been processed for histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining with synaptophysin (SYN), neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE), and neurofilament (NF). Slides were digitally scanned. Morphometric data were obtained using CaseViewer and ImageJ. The comorbidities used for correlation with morphometric data were obesity, type 2 diabetes, adrenal gland adenoma, goitre, chronic pancreatitis, arterial hypertension, and mixed dementia. Thirty\u2010three females and 39 males were included in the study. Increased secretory parenchyma was found in patients with chronic pancreatitis, arterial hypertension, and adrenal gland adenoma. Reduced activity was found in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity, advanced pineal calcification, mixed dementia, and old age. There were no changes associated with goitre, cachexia, or Willis's polygon atherosclerosis. No significant differences between gender were found. The activity of the pineal gland can be assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine and structural pinealocyte markers and observation of glial tissue and calcifications. There is a need for further research to evaluate the clinical impact of these morphological changes on the neuroendocrine systems, with clinical implications in endocrinology, neurology, and even psychiatry. Digital techniques offer a more exact analysis of histological data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T09:49:53Z","timestamp":1656409793000},"page":"12-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Digital histological morphometry of the human pineal gland in a postmortem study, with endocrine and neurological clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan\u2010Alexandru","family":"Gheban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Anatomic Pathology Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj\u2010Napoca  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hora\u021biu Alexandru","family":"Colosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioana\u2010Andreea","family":"Gheban\u2010Ro\u0219ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Georgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Anatomic Pathology Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj\u2010Napoca  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gheban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Anatomic Pathology Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Children's Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj\u2010Napoca  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doini\u021ba","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Anatomic Pathology Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj\u2010Napoca  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj\u2010Napoca  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Dept. of Histology Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajim.s.2015030601.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6511.1758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.12.025"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Pineal gland cysts\u2010\u2010an overview","volume":"48","author":"Bosnjak J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Croatica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.0321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000\u2010014\u20100221\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr\u20101235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040383"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Morphometric parameters of the human pineal gland in relation to age, body weight and height","volume":"61","author":"Golan J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Morphologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pineal gliosis and gland ageing. 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