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Hoopoe has a spindle\u2010shaped lacrimal gland that is suspended on the lateral edge of the frontal bone, whereas cattle egret has a tiny lacrimal gland that is embedded posteriorly within the periorbital fascia. The hoopoe's lacrimal gland has a single duct that runs parallel to the nasolacrimal duct and opens into the posterior nostril hole. In the cattle egret, the tubule\u2010alveolar secretory components comprise neutral and acid glycosaminoglycan. In addition, the Harderian gland is found in both these species, but their draining ducts differ; the Harderian gland of the hoopoe opens into the anterodorsal to the conjunctival fornix, whereas the Harderian gland of the egret opens anteriorly. In both hoopoe and egret, the secretions of Harderian gland include neutral and acid glycosaminoglycan. The Harderian gland is categorized as type II in hoopoe and type I in cattle egrets. The present results concluded that both orbital glands of two bird species studied play an essential role in eye health, where cleaning and lubrication of the cornea surface. Furthermore, the lacrimal gland's location and secretory features may strengthen the olfactory sensitivity of hoopoe, which relies heavily on scent to locate their food, whereas egret relies heavily on visual cues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T06:21:23Z","timestamp":1661840483000},"page":"793-801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Morphological and functional relationship between the orbital gland and olfaction in <i>Upupa epops<\/i> (hoopoe) and <i>Bubulcus ibis<\/i> (cattle egret)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Al\u2010Nefeiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Department of Biology University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahed A.","family":"Shawki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Zoology Department Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Zoology Department Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100264.2004.00510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The orbital glands of the terrapin PseudemysScripta in response to osmotic stress: A light and electron microscope study","volume":"183","author":"Baccari G. 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