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The aim was to determine whether the emergence of permanent dentition can be used to assess whether a puppy that is traded across borders in the EU has reached the legally required minimum age of 15\u2009weeks. The events were evaluated in a longitudinal study, with some cross\u2010sectional observations, of 440 puppies belonging to 82 breeds. No significant differences were found between the left and right sides of a puppy's dentition nor between male and female puppies. Breed size and skull type had a significant impact: both the appearance and the completion of tooth eruption occurred considerably later in small or toy breeds and brachycephalic skull type breeds. The sequence of emergence differed little between maxillary or mandibular quadrants or between breeds. The first emerging elements were the maxillary first premolars or first incisors or the mandibular first incisors. The emergence of a permanent tooth usually occurred within 3\u2009days before or after exfoliation of its precursor, except for the canines, which demonstrated a wider tooth replacement interval. This study presents standards for age assessment based on the emergence of permanent dentition for breeds of different sizes, using median ages or cumulative emergence percentages. However, the legal age determination of puppies with an assumed age of 15\u2009weeks cannot be performed based on permanent dentition emergence, as this occurred at a later age in a large proportion of dogs (at least 95%) in our studied population. The probability of being at least 15\u2009weeks old when at least one maxillary tooth has emerged was at least 72.25%, depending on breed size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T13:20:52Z","timestamp":1674566452000},"page":"460-489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Time and sequence of the replacement of the deciduous by the permanent dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine Van den","family":"Broeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lobke De","family":"Bels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0462-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Duchateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-3427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Cornillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Age determination in dogs","volume":"2","author":"Barton A.","year":"1939","journal-title":"Iowa State University Veterinarian"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200170020203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Colyer's variations and diseases of the teeth of animals. 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