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Intermediate filaments, which are from the cytoskeleton family and are 10 nanometres in diameter, are unlike actin and microtubules, which are highly dynamic cytoskeletal elements. Intermediate filaments are flexible at low strain, harden at high strain and resist breaking. For this reason, these filaments fulfil structural functions by providing mechanical support to the cells through their different strain\u2010hardening properties. Intermediate filaments are suitable in that cells both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transmission. These filaments are composed of fibrous proteins that exhibit a central \u03b1\u2010helical rod domain with a conserved substructure. Intermediate filament proteins are divided into six groups. Type I and type II include acidic and basic keratins, type III, vimentin, desmin, peripheralin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively. Type IV intermediate filament group includes neurofilament proteins and a fourth neurofilament subunit, \u03b1\u2010internexin proteins. Type V consists of lamins located in the nucleus, and the type VI group consists of lens\u2010specific intermediate filaments, CP49\/phakinin and filen. Intermediate filament proteins show specific immunoreactivity in differentiating cells and mature cells of various types. Various carcinomas such as colorectal, urothelial and ovarian, diseases such as chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis and cataract have been associated with intermediate filaments. Accordingly, this section reviews available immunohistochemical antibodies to intermediate filament proteins. Identification of intermediate filament proteins by methodological methods may contribute to the understanding of complex diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T06:19:57Z","timestamp":1686982797000},"page":"655-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intermediate filament proteins are reliable immunohistological biomarkers to help diagnose multiple tissue\u2010specific diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Zuleyha","family":"Doganyigit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology Yozgat Bozok University  Yozgat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Eroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Yozgat Bozok University  Yozgat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"Okan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology Yozgat Bozok University  Yozgat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33158-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01349341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76990-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-05092-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of cytoskeletal filaments in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors","volume":"3","author":"Altmannsberger M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.4.1495"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007260170015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0185-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104005200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02284795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2794-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Elevated TGF \u03b22 serum levels in Emery\u2010 Dreifuss muscular dystrophy: Implications for myocyte and tenocyte differentiation and fibrogenic processes","volume":"9","author":"Bernasconi P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleus (Austin, Tex)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1924-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21597"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.124789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"3663","article-title":"Keratin immunoreactivity in the benign and neoplastic human prostate","volume":"45","author":"Brawer M. 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