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This strong bite mechanism has led to significant changes in the skeletal system such as fossa masseterica. It can be thought that one side is used more than the other side in chewing and is related to the preference of using the same side's hand, eye and foot. In the study, directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry, which occurs as a result of chewing asymmetry, were examined on the first molar teeth and the fossa masseterica in 85 dog mandibles including a wide diversity of morphotypes. The association of high PC1 values for directional asymmetry with a pronounced cranial index, as evident in breeds like Pekingese, Pomeranian and Bulldog, indicates a potential evolutionary or selective breeding trend favouring brachycephaly. On the contrary, guardian breeds like the German shepherd and Bernese mountain dog, which typically require strong jaws for their roles, showcased reduced PC1 values, which might be related to their functional morphology. Similarly, the PCA results for the first molar teeth shape variations also highlighted the influence of cranial shape, with boxer dogs displaying notably higher PC1 values. The fluctuating asymmetrical distributions provided valuable insights into individualistic variations. Interestingly, no specific breed distribution trend was observed for these asymmetries, indicating a more individual\u2010based variation rather than breed\u2010based. It is essential to note that while these results provide valuable insights, further studies are required to understand the underlying causes better. Factors like genetic variations, developmental processes, dietary habits and external environmental factors could play pivotal roles in these observed morphological differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.13050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T05:18:29Z","timestamp":1714972709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chewing asymmetry in dogs: Exploring the importance of the fossa masseterica and first molar teeth morphology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan","family":"G\u00fcndemir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution &amp; Diversity Dynamics Lab Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Altunda\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Karaba\u011fl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedat","family":"Onar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Crampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Bangor University  Bangor UK"},{"name":"Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51607\/22331360.2023.72.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022023000401198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2407093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.6.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692\u2010018\u20109450\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym2020466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195143454.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755\u20100998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym7020843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00364820310001985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345650440042401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345650440042401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2413486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102842.2004.01256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2405677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.17.110186.002135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195143454.003.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Molar asymmetry shows a chewing\u2010side preference in horses","volume":"1","author":"Par\u00e9s Casanova P. 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