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Key structural and functional modifications include enhanced eye size, rod\u2010dominated retinas, reflective tapetal layers and photopigment spectral tuning. The role of photoreceptor specialisation and retinomotor movements in optimising photon capture and minimising light scatter is examined, alongside evolutionary trade\u2010offs that prioritise sensitivity over resolution. Furthermore, adaptations such as bioluminescence detection in deep\u2010sea fish and the regressive evolution of vision in subterranean species highlight the intricate relationship between ecological demands and visual evolution. 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