{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:03:26Z","timestamp":1789729406593,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The vertebrate eye, while commonly perceived as a soft\u2010tissue structure, is reinforced in numerous taxa by an internal ocular skeleton composed of scleral cartilage and ossicles. This manuscript presents a histological case report documenting scleral cartilage in the Himalayan Golden Eagle (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Aquila chrysaetos daphanea<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and integrates these findings with a comprehensive synthesis of current understanding of the ocular skeleton's evolution, development and functional morphology. These findings are consistent with previously described avian scleral architecture. Although based on a single specimen, the study contributes additional histological observations for a large raptor species and provides a comparative perspective on vertebrate ocular skeletal organization. We demonstrate that the ocular skeleton is not merely a passive structural component but a dynamic, highly plastic system that has actively enabled visual radiations in response to distinct ecological demands. Histological examination of the eagle eye revealed a well\u2010developed scleral stroma containing hyaline cartilage extending from the optic nerve posteriorly to the corneoscleral limbus anteriorly, consistent with the avian scleral cartilage\n                    <jats:italic>sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                    cup morphology. By integrating ecological drivers of visual performance with comparative anatomy and developmental biology, we construct a unified model revealing how birds and teleosts leveraged homologous ancestral cartilage to solve fundamentally different biomechanical challenges: optical precision under accommodation\u2010induced pressure in air versus hydrodynamic integrity during high\u2010speed locomotion in water.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:14:16Z","timestamp":1784542456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Eye's Armour: Case Report of Cartilage in the Sclera of the Himalayan Golden Eagle and Focused Review of Vertebrate Ocular Skeletal Adaptations to Visual Ecology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam Mohammad","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department of Anatomy Government Medical College Srinagar  Srinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazish","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department of Anatomy Government Medical College Srinagar  Srinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8811-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department of Anatomy Government Medical College Srinagar  Srinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javed Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department of Anatomy Government Medical College Srinagar  Srinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TREE.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109394(57)90435\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"226","volume-title":"A Textbook of Veterinary Histology","author":"Dellmann H. 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