{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:00:43Z","timestamp":1790773243299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anat Histol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study describes the gross morphological features and morphometric characteristics of the respiratory apparatus of adult Spur\u2010winged Geese (\n                    <jats:italic>Plectropterus gambensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a resident waterfowl species of the Sudano\u2010Sahelian wetlands of Nigeria. Ten ethically obtained adult birds comprising five males and five females were used for this purpose. A standardized gross dissection technique was employed following euthanasia to examine the respiratory viscera. The paired slit\u2010like openings of the nostrils were dorsolateral at the base of the upper beak. The nasal cavity was divided into two equal halves by the nasal septum and consisted of a rostral vestibular region and a broader caudal region containing the nasal conchae, each with a distinct morphological outline. The cranial larynx presented a paired dorsal arytenoid cartilage and a caudal cricoid cartilage capped by the laryngeal mound. The mean length of the trachea in males was 34.72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.87\u2009cm comprising 138\u2013146 tracheal rings. In females, the trachea measured 31.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.74\u2009cm and contained 136\u2013142 tracheal rings. The syrinx was tracheobronchial type. The primary bronchi presented C\u2010shaped cartilages. The paired bright red lungs were triangular shaped, spongy and displayed impressions on their surfaces from contact with adjacent structures. The extrapulmonary primary bronchi and pulmonary vessels entered the lungs through the ventral hilar region. This study establishes the first normal respiratory baseline for the spur\u2010winged goose, filling a critical gap in avian comparative anatomy. The findings also support research on tropical wetland adaptations and provide a practical diagnostic tool for veterinarians.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:28:38Z","timestamp":1790771318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Respiratory Apparatus of Adult Spur\u2010Winged Geese (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Plectropterus gambensis<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ): Gross Anatomy and Morphometrics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7713-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Malah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Girgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yagana B.","family":"Majama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baba G.","family":"Gambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shettima","family":"Burah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University  Bauchi Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waziri A.","family":"Kachamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6285-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa","family":"Zakariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Morphological Comparison of Larynx, Syrinx and Trachea of Some Wild Birds","volume":"13","author":"Aks\u00fcnger K. F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Anatomical Investigations of the Syrinx (Voice Box) of the Adult Male West African Guinea Fowl (\n                     Numida meleagris\n                   Galeata) in the Al\u2010Najaf Al\u2010Ashraf Province","volume":"13","author":"AL\u2010Bishtue A. A. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Al\u2010Qadisiya Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2015.31743","article-title":"Gross Anatomical Studies on the Nasal Cavity of the Ostrich","volume":"29","author":"Ali S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benha Veterinary Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.36326\/kjvs\/2012\/v3i14084","article-title":"Macroscopic and Morphometric Studies of the Extrapulmonary Primary Bronchi and Lungs of the Indigenous Adult Male Pigeon (Columba Domestica)","volume":"3","author":"AL\u2010Mahmodi A. M. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Anatomical Study of the Primary Bronchi and the Lung of the Bee\u2010Eater Bird (\n                     Merops orientalis\n                  )","volume":"14","author":"Al\u2010Mamoori N. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International.2016.\u201cPlectropterus gambensis.\u201dIUCN Red List of Threatened Species Retrieved August 20 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"536","volume-title":"Handbook of the Birds of the World","author":"Carboneras C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"815","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy","author":"Dyce K. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Spur\u2010Winged Goose","author":"Forestry","year":"2024"},{"issue":"34","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Wing Moult, Body Measurements and Condition Indices of Spur\u2010Winged Geese","volume":"34","author":"Halse S. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Wildfowl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World","author":"Johnsgard P. A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Ducks, Geese and Swans\u2019 Volume 1: General Chapters; Species Accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina)","author":"Kear J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Avian Anatomy Textbook and Colour Atlas","author":"K\u00f6nig H. 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N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35180-8_3","volume-title":"Current Perspectives on the Functional Design of the Avian Respiratory System","author":"Maina J. N.","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21608\/jva.2026.492058","article-title":"Light Microscopic Studies on the Respiratory Apparatus of Adult Spur\u2010Winged Geese (\n                     Plectropterus gambensis\n                  )","volume":"19","author":"Malah M. K.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Anatomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2017.d231","article-title":"Gross Anatomical Syringeal Structures of Goose (\n                     Anser anser\n                   Domesticus)","volume":"4","author":"Mohamed R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-020-00057-3","article-title":"The Hummingbird Syrinx Morphome: A Detailed Three\u2010Dimensional Description of the Black Jacobin's Vocal Organ","volume":"5","author":"Monte A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Anatomy of Domestic Birds","author":"Nickel R.","year":"1977"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"The Gross Anatomy of Larynx, Trachea and Syrinx in Goose (\n                     anser anser Domesticus)","volume":"16","author":"Onuk B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kafkas \u00dcniversitesi Veteriner Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58843-5","article-title":"The Vocal Organ of Hummingbirds Shows Convergence With Songbirds","volume":"10","author":"Riede T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"A Checklist for Birds of Hadejia\u2010Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ringim A. 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