{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:30:42Z","timestamp":1778740242897,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With case\u2013parent triad data, one can frequently deduce parent of origin of the child's alleles. This allows a parent\u2010of\u2010origin (PoO) effect to be estimated as the ratio of relative risks associated with the alleles inherited from the mother and the father, respectively. A possible cause of PoO effects is DNA methylation, leading to genomic imprinting. Because environmental exposures may influence methylation patterns, gene\u2013environment interaction studies should be extended to allow for interactions between PoO effects and environmental exposures (i.e., PoOxE). One should thus search for loci where the environmental exposure modifies the PoO effect.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We have developed an extensive framework to analyze PoOxE effects in genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS), based on complete or incomplete case\u2013parent triads with or without independent control triads. The interaction approach is based on analyzing triads in each exposure stratum using maximum likelihood estimation in a log\u2010linear model. Interactions are then tested applying a Wald\u2010based posttest of parameters across strata. Our framework includes a complete setup for power calculations. We have implemented the models in the R software package Haplin.<\/jats:p><jats:p>To illustrate our PoOxE test, we applied the new methodology to top hits from our previous GWAS, assessing whether smoking during the periconceptional period modifies PoO effects on cleft palate only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T09:53:41Z","timestamp":1509616421000},"page":"60-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Parent\u2010of\u2010origin\u2010environment interactions in case\u2010parent triads with or without independent controls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Gjerdevik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Genetic Research and Bioinformatics Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo 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