{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:24Z","timestamp":1787013804479,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8207034742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8207034742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8237032086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8237032086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation has been reported to be associated with urethral stricture, whereas rarely any studies have reported the causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture. We investigated the causal effects between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture with Mendelian randomization (MR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics on 41 inflammatory cytokines from 8293 Finns and 787 patients with urethral stricture were included for bidirectional MR analysis. The causality between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture was estimated using inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and model selection. Multiple sensitivity analyses (including pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and leave\u2010one\u2010out tests) were performed to evaluate the robustness and dependability of the MR results, followed by Bayesian colocalization, phenotype scanning, and protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified a significant causal relationship between three inflammatory cytokines (granulocyte colony\u2010stimulating factor [GCSF], stem cell growth factor beta [SCGFb], and interleukin\u20105 [IL5]) and urethral stricture. GCSF (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a04.722, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a01.367\u201316.303,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014) and SCGFb (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.209, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.06\u20131.379,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.004) increased the risk of urethral stricture, whereas IL5 decreased the risk of urethral stricture (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.782, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.626\u20130.976,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.029). Reverse MR showed no reverse causality between inflammatory cytokines, with significant causality and urethral stricture. PPI analysis showed that the three inflammatory cytokines interacted with multiple fibrosis\u2010related genes: transforming growth factor beta 1, nitric oxide synthase 2, and C\u2013X\u2013C motif chemokine receptor 3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrated that the inflammatory cytokines GCSF, SCGFb, and IL5 are significantly associated with urethral stricture, providing valuable insights for the prevention and diagnosis of urethral stricture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.70002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1749522559000},"page":"434-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Causal Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines on Urethral Stricture Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihe","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 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