{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:09:56Z","timestamp":1775462996126,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013459","name":"Arthritis New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitochondrial proteins are encoded by both mitochondrial\u2010 and nuclear\u2010encoded genes. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited, admixed individuals may have different ancestral sources for their nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The potential incompatibility between these genomic components may cause suboptimal mitochondrial function and result in energy\u2010related pathologies. This incompatibility, or \u2018mitonuclear discordance\u2019, is defined as the proportion of the nuclear genome not derived from the same ancestral source as the mtDNA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on this understanding, we hypothesized that increased mitonuclear discordance would be associated with lower mitochondrial copy number and increased risk of gout, type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. We tested this prediction using genomic data from a cohort of 2301 New Zealanders with Polynesian ancestry (Indigenous M\u0101ori and Pacific peoples living in Aotearoa New Zealand).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed that increased mitonuclear discordance was correlated with a decreased chance of gout (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5.08\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and a decreased chance of diagnosis with type 2 diabetes, specifically in individuals having haplogroup B4a1a (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4.20\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), which was present in 86.0% of the Polynesian study cohort. No significant association was found between mitonuclear discordance and mitochondrial copy number (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.93), risk of chronic kidney disease (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.084) or gout flare frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.53).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, while these results contradicted our hypothesis, they can potentially be explained by a higher prevalence of disease\u2010associated alleles for gout and type 2 diabetes in Polynesian genomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.70033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:56:36Z","timestamp":1770098196000},"page":"189-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitonuclear Discordance and Gout, Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease in Aotearoa New Zealand Indigenous M\u0101ori and Pacific People"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Rachel R.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riku","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Cadzow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore G.","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip L.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Dalbeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Stamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Otago  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rinki","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janak R.","family":"de Zoysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane E.","family":"Castel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Variant Bio Inc.  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Katrin","family":"Emde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Variant Bio Inc.  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaja A.","family":"Wasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Variant Bio Inc.  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony R.","family":"Merriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Gosling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Admixture 1.3 Software Manual","author":"Alexander D. H.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68773-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.08.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.3683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70460\/jpa.v1i1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"The NRD Site Community Report","author":"Campbell M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2011.05.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Genetic Variants of PPAR\u2010Gamma Coactivator 1B Augment NLRP3\u2010Mediated Inflammation in Gouty Arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Chang W.\u2010C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1708"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302848"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Analysis of mtDNA Variation in African Populations Reveals the Most Ancient of all Human Continent\u2010Specific Haplogroups","volume":"57","author":"Chen Y. S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07949-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199608)100:4<443::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-018-0190-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4932-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d9030037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.201684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209896109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52373-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4623-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gucdd1040018"},{"issue":"123","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"1.23.1","article-title":"mtDNA Variation and Analysis Using MITOMAP and MITOMASTER","volume":"1","author":"Lott M. T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199802)105:2<109::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912629107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2018.1448889"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Polynesian Genetic Affinities With Southeast Asian Populations as Identified by mtDNA Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Melton T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"PPARGC1B: Insight Into the Expression of the Gouty Inflammation Phenotype: PPARGC1B and Gouty Inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Merriman T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health.2008. \u201cA Portrait of Health: Key Results of the 2006\/07 New Zealand Health Survey.\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02238-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.6.080604.162249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis\u20102014\u2010205877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1823-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00480-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1011"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Evolutionary History of the COII\/tRNALys Intergenic 9 Base Pair Deletion in Human Mitochondrial DNAs From the Pacific","volume":"12","author":"Redd A. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.1998.6230241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00484-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2002.0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-00284-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","volume-title":"Mapi Haurora Ke, Atlas of Healthcare Variation","author":"Te Tahu Haurora Health Quality and Safety Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v043.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2015.09.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2005.70.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200320"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05625.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0766-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xhgg.2023.100202"}],"container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ahg.70033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ahg.70033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ahg.70033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:23:29Z","timestamp":1775460209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ahg.70033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ahg.70033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ahg.70033","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4800","1469-1809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4800","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}