{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:55:25Z","timestamp":1781358925698,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) is a major global health concern. Although observational studies have reported an association between hypertension and BC risk, the causal nature of this relationship remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a univariate two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal effect of genetically predicted hypertension on overall BC risk and its molecular subtypes. Summary\u2010level genetic data for hypertension were obtained from the Africa Wits\u2010INDEPTH Partnership for Genomic Research (AWI\u2010Gen) study conducted in sub\u2010Saharan Africa (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010,775). Single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for exposure and outcome were harmonized before analysis. Causal estimates were primarily derived using the inverse\u2010variance weighted (IVW) method with random effects, complemented by MR\u2010Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, simple mode, and MR\u2010robust adjusted profile score (RAPS) approaches. Sensitivity analyses assessed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, and reverse MR analyses evaluated potential causal effects of overall BC on hypertension. Additionally, colocalization analyses were conducted to determine whether hypertension\u2010 and BC\u2010associated variants share common causal signals across genomic loci.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.003), no statistically significant associations were observed between genetically predicted hypertension and overall BC or its molecular subtypes: overall BC (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a01.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86\u20131.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.23), estrogen receptor\u2013positive BC (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.29, 95% CI: 0.81\u20132.06,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.28), estrogen receptor\u2013negative (ER\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) BC (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.90, 95% CI: 1.06\u20133.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03), and triple\u2010negative BC (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.98, 95% CI: 1.95\u20134.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.07). The nominal association observed for ER\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      BC did not withstand correction for multiple testing. Colocalization analyses revealed generally low posterior probabilities for shared causal variants (PP.H4\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.5) across all BC subtypes. Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses, and reverse MR provided no evidence of causality in the opposite direction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study represents the first MR and colocalization investigation of hypertension and BC risk in a sub\u2010Saharan African population. Although no evidence of a direct genetic causal relationship was identified, the combined MR and colocalization findings suggest that previously reported associations may be driven by nongenetic metabolic or vascular mechanisms rather than shared inherited genetic determinants. Further studies in larger and more diverse populations are warranted to confirm these findings and explore underlying biological pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1776230488000},"page":"217-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Insights Into Hypertension and Breast Cancer Risk in African Women: A Mendelian Randomization and Colocalization Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel Owusu","family":"Ansah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Thrivus University for Biomedical Science and Technology  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Boateng","family":"Agyenim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrews","family":"Danquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Kumi","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Sakyi","family":"Agyirifo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Fosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foster","family":"Kyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Thrivus University for Biomedical Science and Technology  Accra 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