{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:26:11Z","timestamp":1760646371409,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DA011591","R01DA021525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA011591","R01DA021525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>While methadone is well established as an evidence\u2010based treatment for opioid use disorder, safety concerns persist regarding its diversion. The authors examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with injection of methadone in an urban population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between December 2005 and November 2013, data were derived from two open prospective studies of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Vancouver, Canada. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with illicit methadone injecting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study, 1911 individuals (34% women) were recruited; 134 (7%) participants reported methadone injecting at least once. In multivariable analysis, Caucasian ethnicity [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20091.90, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.20\u20133.00]; homelessness (AOR\u2009=\u20091.46, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.09\u20131.95); drug dealing (AOR\u2009=\u20092.10, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.50\u20132.93); \u2265daily heroin injection (AOR\u2009=\u20091.57, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.08\u20132.26); \u2265daily crack smoking (AOR\u2009=\u20092.06, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.44\u20132.95); being a victim of violence (AOR\u2009=\u20091.48, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.04\u20132.12); and non\u2010fatal overdose (AOR\u2009=\u20091.67, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.67 (1.00\u20132.79) were independently and positively associated with methadone injection; female gender (AOR\u2009=\u20090.47, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.30\u20130.75) was negatively associated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diversion of methadone for illicit injection in this urban setting was associated with several markers of addiction severity and other health and social vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings underscore the need to ensure methadone accessibility while limiting diversion\u2010related risk. (Am J Addict 2015;24:532\u2013537)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T06:45:41Z","timestamp":1439880341000},"page":"532-537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors associated with illicit methadone injecting in a Canadian setting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Devin","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u2010J","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC 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