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Women and men might have clinically meaningful differences in their experience in OUD treatment and might also have unique challenges in achieving successful, long\u2010term recovery. This review summarizes and synthesizes the current literature on sex\u2010based differences in OUD treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relevant literature was identified via automated and manual searches using the terms \u201copioid treatment outcome sex [or gender] differences\u201d and \u201copiate treatment outcome sex [or gender] differences.\u201d Search methodology was consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA), and were conducted within the PubMed electronic database during March and April of 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The initial PubMed search yielded 241 manuscripts and 31 original research articles that met inclusion\/exclusion criteria were synthesized in this review. Several important trends emerged, including findings that women are more likely than men to present to treatment with co\u2010occurring mental health conditions such as depression, and that women might respond particularly well to buprenorphine maintenance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While much of the literature on this topic is subject to potential cohort effects, interventions that address co\u2010occurring mental health conditions and psychosocial stress might improve treatment outcomes for women with OUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Funding agencies and researchers should focus attention toward human laboratory studies and clinical trials that are prospectively designed to assess sex\u2010based differences in OUD recovery. (Am J Addict 2019;28:246\u2013261)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T04:08:58Z","timestamp":1558930138000},"page":"246-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Review: Sex\u2010Based Differences in Treatment Outcomes for Persons With Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Huhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith S.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Health Education and Behavior University of Florida Gainesville Florida"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Florida Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 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