{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1740128362173,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pay for performance (P4P) models have become more popular in reimbursement for medical services, including treatment for substance use disorders. However, studies have not examined whether P4P has an impact on treatment outcome in the individual in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Thus, the present study was conducted at the individual level, rather than the programmatic level, to determine whether meeting the P4P early engagement criteria (four services in the initial 14 days of treatment and\/or eight services within the initial 30 days of treatment) resulted in reduced opioid, benzodiazepine, and cocaine use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective study of 63 patients enrolled in OAT for opioid use disorder. <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> analyses were conducted crossing P4P early engagement criteria status and urine drug screen (UDS) results for opioid, cocaine, and\/or benzodiazepine use at 6 and 12 months postadmission. Methadone dosage and treatment retention were also considered. The odds ratio was used to determine the directionality of significant results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant relationships were revealed between patients meeting 30\u2010day P4P early engagement criteria and opioid negative UDS, and with retention in treatment at 6 and 12 months. Methadone dosage was significant at a 6\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since significant associations between opioid use and P4P as well as opioid use and methadone dose were revealed, findings partially supported hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>P4P and methadone dosage may have some benefit to individuals in OAT in attaining short\u2010term abstinence from opioids. P4P may be less useful in helping individuals achieve abstinence from other substances of abuse. 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