{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:38:46Z","timestamp":1767832726760,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to a reduction in the availability of prescription opioids in the United States, the potential transition from prescription opioids to heroin is a public health concern. We assessed trajectories of both nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) and heroin use from adolescence (age 18) to adulthood (age 50) and how these trajectories were associated with substance use disorder (SUD) in adulthood (age 35\u201350).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A national sample of 26,569 individuals from eleven cohorts of US\u00a0high school seniors (1976\u20131986) who were followed until age 50 (2008\u20132018). The analysis focuses on respondents who engaged in past\u2010year NMPO and heroin use. Outcomes included the endorsement of two or more SUD symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among NMPO users, 7.5% had used heroin by the age of 50. The latent profile analyses assessing individuals who reported both NMPO and heroin use during the 32\u2010year study period found four unique trajectory groups: (1) \u201cage 18 concurrent use\u201d (81.2%); (2) \u201cmid\u201030s NMPO\u2010to\u2010heroin use transition\u201d (10.7%); (3) age 19\/20 NMPO\u2010to\u2010heroin use transition, followed by 40s heroin\u2010to\u2010NMPO use transition (4.3%); and (4) \u201cmid\u201020s NMPO\u2010to\u2010heroin use transition\u201d (3.7%). Respondents in the \u201cmid\u201030s NMPO\u2010to\u2010heroin use transition\u201d trajectory group had the highest odds of indicating two or more SUD symptoms between ages 35\u201350.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to assess NMPO and heroin use trajectories among a national probability\u2010based sample followed from age 18 to 50. The findings suggest that prescription opioid misuse is a risk factor in the development of SUDs and has a long\u2010term impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T02:49:26Z","timestamp":1648694966000},"page":"180-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trajectories of prescription opioid and heroin use in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-3468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Veliz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Schulenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vita V.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean E.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2019. (HHS Publication No. PEP19\u20105068 NSDUH Series H\u201054).\u00a0https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MiechRA JohnstonLD O'MalleyPM BachmanJG SchulenbergJE PatrickME.Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use 1975\u20102019: Volume I Secondary School Students. Institute for Social Research The University of Michigan; 2020.","DOI":"10.3998\/2027.42\/162578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SchulenbergJE JohnstonLD O'MalleyPM BachmanJG MiechRA PatrickME.Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use 1975\u20102019: Volume II College Students and Adults ages 19\u201360. Institute for Social Research The University of Michigan; 2020.","DOI":"10.3998\/2027.42\/162576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2015.1037521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"MuhuriPK GfroererJC DavieC.Associations of nonmedical pain reliever use and initiation of heroin use in the United States. CBHSQ Data Review Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;\u00a02013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"LipariRN HughesA.The NSDUH report: trends in heroin use in the United States: 2002 to 2013. The CBHSQ report. Rockville MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2001.62.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(96)01226-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Substance use disorder in early midlife: a national prospective study on health and well\u2010being correlates and long\u2010term predictors","volume":"9","author":"Schulenberg JE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences","author":"Collins LM","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Issues of validity and population coverage in student surveys of drug use","volume":"57","author":"Johnston LD","year":"1985","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"}],"container-title":["The American Journal on Addictions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13281","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajad.13281","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T17:38:25Z","timestamp":1692985105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajad.13281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajad.13281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13281","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-0496","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}