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However, additional research on PSU heterogeneity in populations using this novel psychoactive substance is necessary. The authors investigated patterns of past 12\u2010month PSU among US adults reporting past 12\u2010month use of kratom and at least one additional substance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latent class models were fit using 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data which was collected from 412 US adults reporting past 12\u2010month use of kratom and at least one of 11 additional substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three distinct profiles were identified: \u201cmarijuana\/alcohol\/tobacco\u201d (63.3%), \u201cmarijuana\/alcohol\/tobacco\u2009+\u2009psychedelics\u201d (19.3%), and \u201cmarijuana\/alcohol\/tobacco\u2009+\u2009psychedelics\/heroin\/prescriptions\u201d (17.4%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first epidemiological study in which a latent class analysis was used to identify unique PSU profiles among US adults using kratom and other substances. Understanding the profiles of people using kratom in relation to the use of other drugs might help guide screening interventions, treatment needs, and policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T13:24:15Z","timestamp":1665581055000},"page":"76-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Polysubstance use profiles among US adults using Kratom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa<\/i>): A latent class analysis using The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Falise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin C.","family":"Hoeflich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara K.","family":"Nutley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Lopez\u2010Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine W.","family":"Striley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218221095873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1569236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119862530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.21br02930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Use File Codebook","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20\u201007\u201001\u2010001, NSDUH Series H\u201055)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2022.2074608"}],"container-title":["The American Journal on Addictions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13345","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajad.13345","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T09:35:02Z","timestamp":1692524102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajad.13345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajad.13345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13345","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-0496","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}