{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:25Z","timestamp":1787013805812,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2U54GM104942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U54GM104942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UG3DA044825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UG3DA044825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA040187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA040187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug\u2010related deaths was examined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid\u20102021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1% [2019] to 5% [mid\u20102021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title>\n In one of the largest analyses of xylazine\u2010involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine's\u00a0adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T05:34:10Z","timestamp":1670823250000},"page":"309-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Characteristics of xylazine\u2010related deaths in West Virginia\u2014Xylazine\u2010related deaths"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Sibbesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy West Virginia University West Virginia Morgantown USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie A.","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy West Virginia University West Virginia Morgantown USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Affairs Institute West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health West Virginia University West Virginia Morgantown USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lundstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health West Virginia University West Virginia Morgantown USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Kraner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Charleston West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen R.","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Charleston West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Xylazine;2021. Accessed April 12 2022.https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/Xylazine.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00546-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9662-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2021.1981919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a4"}],"container-title":["The American Journal on Addictions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13365","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajad.13365","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T22:48:32Z","timestamp":1692571712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajad.13365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajad.13365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13365","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-0496","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}