{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:10:32Z","timestamp":1789107032094,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, drug overdose deaths in the United States reached a new record of 107,622. Misuse of opioids and benzodiazepines accounts for a large portion of drug overdose deaths. However, the effects of socio\u2010demographic characteristics on misuse of opioids and benzodiazepines are not evident. Thus, this study examines the socio\u2010demographic characteristics associated with misuse of opioids and benzodiazepines among adults in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 2015\u20132019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was utilized in the multinomial logistic regression analysis and included 202,935 adults ages \u226518 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During 2015\u20132019, 3.3% of the adults misused opioids, 1.2% misused benzodiazepines, and 0.9% misused both drugs in the preceding year of the survey. Those who were younger, bisexual, non\u2010Hispanic White,\u00a0had a history of delinquency\u00a0in the past year, had alcohol dependence\/abuse, marijuana dependence\/abuse, nicotine dependence and use, and experienced major depressive episodes were more likely to misuse opioids, benzodiazepines, or both.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large portion of US adults are misusing opioids, benzodiazepines, and both drugs. Specifically, bisexual individuals experience higher odds of opioid misuse, benzodiazepine misuse and misuse of both drugs compared with heterosexuals, while males are experiencing lower odds of benzodiazepine misuse compared with females. Individuals aged 26\u201349 experience the highest odds of opioid misuse, though misuse of both drugs was higher among the 18\u201325 age group. Findings underscore the use of targeted preventive measures to reduce misuse of these drugs among at\u2010risk populations identified in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T08:58:30Z","timestamp":1694336310000},"page":"71-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Opioid and benzodiazepine misuse in the United States: The impact of socio\u2010demographic characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Rifat","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayani","family":"Jayawardhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health &amp; College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse.Overdose Death Rates.2021. Accessed September 9 2021.https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drug-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse.Benzodiazepines and Opioids.2021. Accessed December 2 2021.https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drug-topics\/opioids\/benzodiazepines-opioids"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","article-title":"Benzodiazepine misuse: an epidemic within a pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Sarangi A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Commonly Used Terms.2021. Accessed December 2 2021.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/opioids\/basics\/terms.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Deaths among opioid users: impact of potential inappropriate prescribing practices","volume":"25","author":"Jayawardhana J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2018.24.9.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7034a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain.2016. Accessed May 30 2019.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/prescribing\/guideline.html","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2016.1173761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j760"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Final Analytic File Codebook.\u00a02020. Accessed May 10 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.datafiles.samhsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/field-uploads-protected\/studies\/NSDUH-2019\/NSDUH-2019-datasets\/NSDUH-2019-DS0001\/NSDUH-2019-DS0001-info\/NSDUH-2019-DS0001-info-codebook.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Methodological Resource Book Section 2: Sample Design Report. 2020. Accessed May 10 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/cbhsq-reports\/NSDUHmrbSampleDesign2018\/NSDUHmrbSampleDesign2018.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1788086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000202481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.1.4"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"[Developmental disorders in the fourth edition of the American classification: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV\u2014optional book)]","volume":"28","author":"Gmitrowicz A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176350273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16","author":"StataCorp","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use","author":"Phillips JK","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13258"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","article-title":"Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Hafeez H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.726343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"881","article-title":"Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse\u2010related emergency department visits and drug\u2010related deaths\u2014United States, 2010","volume":"63","author":"Jones CM","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17040413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061938"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"The Misuse of Benzodiazepines Among High\u2010Risk Opioid Users in Europe.Perspectives on Drugs.European Monitoring Center for Drugs;2018.https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/topics\/pods\/benzodiazepines_en"}],"container-title":["The American Journal on Addictions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13481","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T16:43:15Z","timestamp":1704472995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajad.13481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajad.13481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13481","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-0496","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}