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BDNF has been found to be involved in long\u2010term potentiation of synaptic strength, a mechanism that is thought to motivate both natural adaption mechanisms as well as the development of addictive behavior. In this study, we aimed to address the relation between BDNF serum level and heroin craving and the effect of duration of abstinence on them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case study was conducted on 80 subjects from Kasr Al\u2010Ainy Psychiatry and Addiction Treatment Hospital with a history of heroin dependence and were divided into two groups: Group A had 40 active heroin\u2010dependent subjects while in Group B, 40 subjects with 1\u2010year heroin abstinence. Severity of addiction was assessed by the addiction severity index, heroin craving was measured by Brief Substance Craving Scale and serum BDNF level was investigated using an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings show that active heroin users had significantly higher serum BDNF which is associated with high heroin craving in comparison to the abstinent group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study revealed a significant positive correlation between serum BDNF levels and craving in active heroin users versus 1\u2010year abstinent subjects. It is the first study to address the relationship between craving and serum BDNF level in a 1\u2010year abstinent participants. These findings help to determine the brain alterations associated with illness and recovery in heroin dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T03:29:20Z","timestamp":1707881360000},"page":"393-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor in relation to craving and duration of abstinence in patients with heroin dependence\u2014A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Arafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia Ahmed","family":"Enaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maged A.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Abdelnaser","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9042-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mennat\u2010Allah","family":"Tarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.5.764"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sociodemographic indicators for substance use and abuse in Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Hamdi E","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Addict Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0b013e318158856d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00162-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2903550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.009"},{"volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992","author":"WHO","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Drug craving terminology among opiate dependents; a mixed method study","volume":"8","author":"Maarefvand M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111411332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"APA.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM\u2010IVTR). 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