{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:19:03Z","timestamp":1785449943895,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited research has examined how discrimination in young adulthood relates to substance use. We examined how multiple and specific types (e.g., race\u2010based) of experiences of unfair treatment are related to problematic alcohol and cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed cross\u2010sectional data from a diverse cohort of young adults (mean age 24.7) predominantly residing in southern California (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092303) to examine associations of multiple (count) and specific experiences (race\u2010, sexual orientation\u2010, gender\u2010based) of perceived everyday discrimination with self\u2010reported alcohol and cannabis use outcomes (consequences, use disorders, and solitary use). We also tested interactions between the three specific discrimination experiences and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., race\u2010based discrimination\u2009\u00d7\u2009race\/ethnicity).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this diverse sample (e.g., 47% Latinx\/o and 22% Asian; 22% sexual\/gender diverse; 56% female) of young adults, about 46% reported up to four different discrimination experiences and 27% reported race\u2010, 26% gender\u2010, and 5% sexual orientation\u2010based discrimination. Race\u2010 and gender\u2010based discrimination and experiencing more types of discrimination were associated with worse cannabis use outcomes. Race\u2010based discrimination was associated with fewer alcohol consequences and lower Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores. Associations with sexual orientation\u2010based discrimination and the interactions were not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings build on limited research on associations of discrimination with cannabis use in young adults. More work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which discrimination influences drinking behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Scientific Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study advances the field by examining the unique contributions of specific and multiple types of discrimination experiences in young adulthood, a critical developmental period in which substance use peaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T05:55:25Z","timestamp":1720504525000},"page":"30-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Discrimination experiences and problematic alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3823-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian G.","family":"Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Santa Monica California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy M.","family":"Troxel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Santa Monica California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Santa Monica California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"D'Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation Santa Monica California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210698"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2019.1648083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"National Research Council. 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