{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:51:09Z","timestamp":1787287869383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA059329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA059329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH132561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH132561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD092185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD092185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite marijuana's association with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, its use during pregnancy increased over the last two decades. During this period, medical marijuana has been legalized in 38 states and the District of Columbia. States with legalized medical marijuana have observed increased marketing of marijuana and related products. This study aims to examine the association between state\u2010level medical marijuana legalization and marijuana use during pregnancy in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using the 2015\u20132021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we evaluated the association between marijuana use in the past month among currently pregnant mothers (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094338) and legalized medical marijuana in their state of residence. Survey\u2010weighted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyzes were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 5.7% of pregnant women reported using marijuana in the past month, and 59.0% lived in a state where medical marijuana was legalized across 2015\u20132021. Compared to those living in states without marijuana legalization, more pregnant women living in states with marijuana legalization reported using marijuana (4.6% vs. 6.5%). In the multivariable model, pregnant women residing in states with medical marijuana legalization were more likely to use marijuana than residents of states without legalization (adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.56; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.11\u20132.18).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Scientific Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first known study to find that pregnant women living in states where medical marijuana is legalized are more likely to use marijuana during pregnancy. Pregnant women should be informed of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes linked to marijuana use during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T05:19:25Z","timestamp":1727587165000},"page":"75-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association between state\u2010level medical marijuana legalization and marijuana use during pregnancy: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Rifat","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2207-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayani","family":"Jayawardhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6098-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan B.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2912-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zelalem T.","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Dublin Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).NSDUH National Releases.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000299"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Marijuana use and maternal experiences of severe nausea during pregnancy in Hawai'I","volume":"73","author":"Roberson EK","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hawai'i J Med Pub Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00285-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 national survey on drug use and health2022.HHS Publication NoPEP21\u201007\u201001\u2010005 NSDUH Series H\u201057."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. State Medical Cannabis Laws.2023.https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/health\/state-medical-cannabis-laws"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4480-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-022-00128-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Use File Codebook.2023.https:\/\/www.datafiles.samhsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/field-uploads-protected\/studies\/NSDUH-2021\/NSDUH-2021-datasets\/NSDUH-2021-DS0001\/NSDUH-2021-DS0001-info\/NSDUH-2021-DS0001-info-codebook.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Methodological Resource Book.2022.https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35968\/2021NSDUHmrbSampleDesign071722.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Methodological Resource Book Section 2: Sample Design Report.2020.https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt34664\/NSDUHmrbSampleDesign2019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.1.4"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Developmental disorders in the fourth edition of the American classification: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV \u2010\u2010 optional book)","volume":"28","author":"Gmitrowicz A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S266540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.16328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2015.11.005"}],"container-title":["The American Journal on Addictions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajad.13651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T07:27:13Z","timestamp":1735284433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajad.13651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajad.13651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13651","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-0496","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}