{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:49:48Z","timestamp":1790153388054,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3DA048734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3DA048734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM066691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM066691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pharmacology of fentanyl and xylazine is not characterized in persons regularly exposed to illicit fentanyl. This case series presents individual\u2010level urine pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, norfentanyl, and xylazine in persons with opioid use disorder (OUD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911) provided urine samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200995) for quantitative analysis. Terminal half\u2010lives and predicted detection times were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary half\u2010life ranges were: fentanyl 1.5\u201328.7\u2009h, norfentanyl 5.2\u201327.4\u2009h, and xylazine 1.1\u201325.2\u2009h. Predicted detection window ranges were: fentanyl 13.0\u2013130.9\u2009h (0.5\u20135.5 days), norfentanyl 64.8\u2013255.9\u2009h (2.7\u201310.7 days), and xylazine 13.8\u2013123.4\u2009h (0.6\u20135.1 days).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion\/Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persons are presenting with a high magnitude of drug exposure that lends to an extended duration of urinary detection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>First characterization of urinary excretion in persons with OUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1741758526000},"page":"465-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case Series: Magnitude and duration of fentanyl and xylazine detection in the urine of persons with opioid use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen E.","family":"Bird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Huhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Millennium Health LLC.Xylazine spreads west in year following emerging threat designation. 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