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Selected trials were appraised for quality and results synthesised by calculating standardised mean differences (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>) and conducting meta\u2010analyses where appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen randomised controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Compared to usual care or social activities, seated exercise had a large positive effect on cognition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content> 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.25, 2.16) with smaller effects on strength, spinal flexion, activity, depression and quality of life. There was no effect on balance or mobility. There were no positive effects when seated exercise was compared to weight\u2010bearing and functional exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seated exercise has a positive effect on cognition and is also of some benefit for older adults who are unable to exercise in upright positions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T10:34:23Z","timestamp":1544697263000},"page":"15-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["To sit or not to sit? 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