{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:41:37Z","timestamp":1792658497341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pac J Clncl Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the trends in the global disease burden of early\u2010onset female tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimates of age\u2010standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age\u2010standardized death rate (ASDR), age\u2010standardized disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALY) rate, and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were extracted, with subsequent analysis of attributable risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the global disease burden of early\u2010onset female TBL showed a decreasing trend, as reflected by negative EAPCs for the age\u2010standardized DALY rate, ASDR, and ASIR (all EAPCs &lt; 0). Among different socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions, low\u2010middle SDI regions saw the fastest growth in age\u2010standardized DALY rates (EAPC = 0.66), ASDR (EAPC = 0.68), and ASIR (EAPC = 0.75). The age distribution showed that the 15\u201319 and 20\u201324 age groups in low SDI regions had the highest EAPC (both 1.12). Regional analysis shows that South Asia shows the fastest rising trends in all indicators (DALY rate EAPC = 1.42, ASDR EAPC = 1.44, ASIR EAPC = 1.53). Ambient particulate matter pollution shows the fastest growth (DALY rate EAPC = 1.22, ASDR EAPC = 1.27).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global disease burden of early\u2010onset female TBL continues to increase in younger populations in low SDI regions. Ambient particulate matter pollution is the primary growth factor. High\u2010burden areas and South Asia face rapidly growing crises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1792657052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Burden and Trends of Early\u2010Onset Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Among Women From 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70639","article-title":"Global Trends of Early, Middle, and Late\u2010Onset Lung Cancer From 1990 to 2021: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"14","author":"Li Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e943","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00211-6","article-title":"National and Subnational Trends in Cancer Burden in China, 2005\u201320: An Analysis of National Mortality Surveillance Data","volume":"8","author":"Qi J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4572","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Caused by Smoking: An Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"90","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals of Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826","article-title":"Estimates and Projections of the Global Economic Cost of 29 Cancers in 204 Countries and Territories From 2020 to 2050","volume":"9","author":"Chen S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14645-4","article-title":"Contrasting Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Burdens and Care Quality: A Comparative Analysis of China and Global Trends","volume":"25","author":"Lin X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15524","article-title":"Burdens of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer From 1990 to 2021 in China Compared to the Global Projection of 2036: Findings From the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"16","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thoracic Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15227","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Early\u2010Onset Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer From 1990 to 2019","volume":"15","author":"Ma J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thoracic Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14363-x","article-title":"Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Among Older Adults: Thirty\u2010Year Global Burden Trends, Precision Medicine Breakthroughs, and Lingering Barriers","volume":"25","author":"Xing H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.600121","article-title":"An Overview of Lung Cancer in Women and the Impact of Estrogen in Lung Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez\u2010Lara V.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae050","article-title":"Lung Cancer Risk Associated With Occupations in Women: A Pooling Study","volume":"74","author":"Torres\u2010Cadavid E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22450-8","article-title":"Global Lung Cancer Burden Attributable to Air Fine Particulate Matter and Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Transnational Inequalities From 1990 to 2021","volume":"25","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3572","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: An Updated Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"38","author":"Liang R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metabolism Research and Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2206672","article-title":"Global Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributable to Occupational Carcinogens in 204 Countries and Territories, From 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"55","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.33332","article-title":"Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose","volume":"28","author":"Zhou J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22466-0","article-title":"Global and National Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributabled to Household Air Pollution From Solid Fuels in Populations Aged 55 and Above: An Integrated Study of Frontier and Joinpoint Regression Analysis","volume":"25","author":"He K. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102734","article-title":"Distributions and Trends in the Global Burden of Young\u2010Onset Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer by Region, Age, and Sex From 1990 to 2021: An Age\u2010Period\u2010Cohort Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Fu G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.09.028","article-title":"Disease Burden and Prediction Analysis of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributable to Residential Radon, Solid Fuels, and Particulate Matter Pollution Under Different Sociodemographic Transitions From 1990 to 2030","volume":"165","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102497","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors for Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer in Nepal, 1990\u20132019","volume":"88","author":"Huang B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454","article-title":"Spatial Patterns and Temporal Trends of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributed to Particulate Matter Pollution in Asia and Its 34 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132021","volume":"13","author":"Yang M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18086-9","article-title":"Burden of Silica\u2010Attributed Pneumoconiosis and Tracheal, Bronchus & Lung Cancer for Global and Countries in the National Program for the Elimination of Silicosis, 1990\u20132019: A Comparative Study","volume":"24","author":"Min L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.928937","article-title":"The Burden of Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributable to Occupational Exposure From 1990 to 2019","volume":"10","author":"Li H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322646","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Burden, Trends and Inequalities of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer in India From 2000 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"20","author":"Rao S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109216","article-title":"The Effect of Occupational Exposure to Welding Fumes on Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer: A Supplementary Analysis of Regular Occupational Exposure and of Occasional Occupational Exposure Based on the Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis From the WHO\/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work\u2010Related Burden of Disease and Injury","volume":"196","author":"Momen N. C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102760","article-title":"Global Epidemiological Trends of Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer in the Elderly","volume":"95","author":"Chen J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1652216","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Disease Burden of Pneumoconiosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Tracheal\u2010Bronchus\u2010And\u2010Lung Cancer, and Asthma Attributable to Occupational Risks, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Lin S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1524534","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Attributable to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution Among Adults Aged 70 and Above in 1990\u20132021 and Projected to 2044","volume":"13","author":"He K. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13499","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancers Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2019","volume":"16","author":"Wang M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102585","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer Among Women of Reproductive Age, 1990\u20132019","volume":"91","author":"Zhang S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100182","article-title":"Mucous Gland Adenoma of the Lung: A Neoplastic Counterpart of Mucinous Bronchial Glands","volume":"36","author":"Sasaki E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Inc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.23.00255","article-title":"Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality (1990\u20132019) in the United States: A Comprehensive Analysis of Gender and State\u2010Level Disparities","volume":"9","author":"Jani C. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Global Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107278","article-title":"Association of Age With Computed Tomography Airway Tree Morphology in Male and Female Never Smokers Without Lung Disease History","volume":"214","author":"Terada S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03381-9","article-title":"Analysis of Tracheal, Bronchial, and Lung Cancer Trends in 204 Countries From 1990 to 2021 and the Impact of COVID\u201019","volume":"26","author":"Zhou R. X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002977","article-title":"Trends in Mortality due to Tracheal, Bronchial, and Lung Cancer Across the BRICS: An Age\u2010Period\u2010Cohort Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132019","volume":"137","author":"Bai R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1159\/000540299","article-title":"Transbronchial Cryoablation as Local Treatment for Central Airway Malignant Tumor","volume":"103","author":"Hamakawa M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.947422","article-title":"Case Report: Successful Treatment of a Rare Case of Combined Parathyroid Adenoma, Cervical Bronchogenic Cyst, and Tracheal Diverticulum With Gasless Endoscopic Resection of Neck Masses via an Axillary Approach: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Lu D. N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"issue":"10485","key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02840-X","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Household Air Pollution, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"GBD 2021 HAP Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100333","article-title":"Temporal Patterns of Cancer Burden in Asia, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Examination for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study","volume":"21","author":"GBD 2019 Asia and All Cancers Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","article-title":"Solitary Cystic Mediastinal Lymphangioma: A Rare Incidental Case in an Adult Female","volume":"9","author":"Aslam H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.04.055","article-title":"Pulmonary Artery\u2010Bronchus Fistula Treated With Coil Embolization","volume":"17","author":"Newcomer J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology Case Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00634-7","article-title":"Disparities in the Incidence, Mortality and Disability\u2010Adjusted Life Years of 33 Early\u2010Onset Cancer Groups Globally, 2012\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yan W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Experimental Hematology & Oncology"}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajco.70212","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajco.70212","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajco.70212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:17:38Z","timestamp":1792657058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajco.70212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajco.70212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajco.70212","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-7555","1743-7563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-7555","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-7563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ajco.70212"}}