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The increase in treatment\u2010independent solid cancers, including urinary\/bladder cancers, oropharynx\/larynx, liver\/gallbladder and colon\/rectal cancers, seem to be linked to alcohol and smoking. Lung cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer are also increased in patients with psoriasis. The risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer increases with age and severity of psoriasis. It is also higher in men, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma, which may reflect previous exposure to PUVA and\/or ciclosporin. The risk of cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphoma is substantially higher in patients with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe psoriasis. Biologic therapies are independently associated with a slight increase risk of cancer, but this is less than ciclosporin, with the risk confounded by disease severity and other co\u2010risk factors. The risk of cancer from low\u2010dose methotrexate is likely minimal. In contrast, acitretin is likely protective against a variety of solid and haematological malignancies. The data on small molecule therapies such as apremilast are too immature for comment, although no signal has yet been identified. The decision whether to stop psoriasis immune modulatory treatments following a diagnosis of cancer, and when to resume, needs to be considered in the context of the patients\u2019 specific cancer. However, there is no absolute need to stop any treatment other than possibly ciclosporin, unless there is a concern over an increased risk of serious infection or drug\u2013drug interaction with cancer\u2010directed therapies, including radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T04:00:15Z","timestamp":1531281615000},"page":"12-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Psoriasis and cancer. 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