{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:28:16Z","timestamp":1788931696452,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melasma is one of the common pigmentary problems affecting females in our community, owing to the frequent use of hormonal contraceptives as well as our sunny climate. A lot of treatment options are available but none of them is completely satisfactory. Many patients prefer the use of topical preparations and minimally invasive methods. Tranexamic acid (TA) is a potential treatment option for hyperpigmentation with different delivery routes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We designed the study in order to evaluate the efficacy of TA in melasma using 2 different routes of delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomised clinical trial was performed on 60 female patients with melasma, they randomly divided into three groups; A, B and C. Group (A) patients received TA (4\u00a0mg\/mL) intradermal injections every 2\u00a0weeks with, group B received TA (10\u00a0mg\/mL) intradermal injections every 2\u00a0weeks, group C received TA cream (10% concentration) twice daily, treatment continued for 12\u00a0weeks in all groups. Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores were measured for each patient before and after completion of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage of MASI score reduction was highest in group B (62.7%) versus (39.1%) in group A, while the percentage of MASI reduction was the lowest in group C (4.2%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tranexamic acid is a safe effective and well\u2010tolerated treatment option for melasma patients. Intradermal injection of TA leads to better results than the topical application. Topical TA cream (even in a high concentration) produce fair improvement of melasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T08:04:52Z","timestamp":1617091492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Efficacy of topical versus intradermal injection of Tranexamic Acid In Egyptian melasma Patients: A randomised clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6566-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Y.","family":"Badran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed U.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy and Industrial Pharmacy Sinai University Arish Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0365\u201005962009000600008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"388","article-title":"Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominantly black dermatologic practice","volume":"32","author":"Halder RM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20103083.2011.04430"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.12.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20103083.2012.04464.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"3129","article-title":"Treatment of melasma with tranexamic acid","volume":"13","author":"Nijo T","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. 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