{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:10:56Z","timestamp":1767183056582},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intra\u2010amniotic pathogens and by\u2010products activate innate immune responses encompassing multitudes of signaling molecules and pathways that can result in spontaneous preterm birth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content>). This study investigates fetal membrane response to bacterial stimulation using a bioinformatics approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysregulated biomarker (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1) data from fetal membranes at term stimulated with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>reaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>reaplasma parvum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> G<\/jats:styled-content>roup <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B <\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>treptococci<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>olyporhans gingivalis,<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> with 50% (v\/v) amniotic fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>) were analyzed by Ingenuity <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>athway <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nalysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In racially stratified analysis, networks representing late\u2010stage immune inflammation were seen in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>mericans in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content> absence. Inflammation was dominant in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content> presence as well. In Caucasians, late\u2010stage immune response was dominant with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>, but not in its absence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal membrane biofunctions in response to bacteria reflect early\u2010 and late\u2010stage innate immune defenses that vary based on the presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content> and subject race.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T12:28:46Z","timestamp":1354796926000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fetal Membrane Biomarker Network Diversity and Disease Functions Induced by Intra\u2010amniotic Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Geeta","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Peltier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Winthrop University Hospital Mineola NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine SUNY\u2010Stony Brook Stony Brook NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tariq Ali","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cayce O.","family":"Drobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Perinatal Research Center Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramkumar","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Racial disparities in preterm births. 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