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The diagnostic criteria for the classical antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content>) have been utilized for the detection of obstetrical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> in women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPL<\/jats:styled-content>. However, laboratory findings and immunopathology of obstetrical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> are significantly different from those of classical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content>. In addition, many women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPL<\/jats:styled-content> who have positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aPL<\/jats:styled-content> do not have symptoms consistent with the current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> criteria. The induction of a proinflammatory immune response from trophoblasts and complement activation by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aPL<\/jats:styled-content> rather than thromboembolic changes has been reported as a major immunopathological feature of obstetrical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content>. Heparin treatment has been reported to be effective in prevention of early pregnancy loss with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> but not for the late pregnancy loss or complications. The complex effects of heparin may explain the limited efficacy of heparin treatment in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPL<\/jats:styled-content>. New diagnostic criteria for obstetrical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> are needed urgently, and new therapeutic approaches should be explored further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T09:38:40Z","timestamp":1364204320000},"page":"596-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Management of Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Losses and Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Joanne","family":"Kwak\u2010Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Vernon Hills IL USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL 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