{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T22:00:22Z","timestamp":1767996022588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,16]],"date-time":"2013-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyclic changes of peripheral natural killer (p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells and\/or endometrial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> (e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells during menstrual cycle remain controversial, and their relationship remains uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral blood and endometrial biopsies were simultaneously obtained from women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023) undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AID<\/jats:styled-content>) for at least three cycles at both proliferative (days 9\u201311) and secretory phases (days 20\u201323) of menstrual cycle. The percentages of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>dim\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>bright\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>, and e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell subsets within lymphocytes were determined by three\u2010color flow cytometry. The correlation between the percentages of p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> and e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells was further analyzed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>pearman's test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentages of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>dim\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>bright\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells were not statistically different between the proliferative and secretory phases (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a00.05, respectively). However, the percentages of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>bright\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> eNK cells were significantly decreased at the secretory phase, compared with those in the proliferative phase (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05, respectively). No correlation between the percentages of all pNK cell parameters and those of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>bright\u00a0<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> eNK cells (the major subset of NK cells in uterus) was found in the same women throughout the menstrual cycle (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a menstrual\u2010cycle\u2010dependent change in the percentage of e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells in women undergoing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AID<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, but not p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells. Moreover, the percentage of p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells may not reflect that of e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells during menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T17:02:19Z","timestamp":1381251739000},"page":"44-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cyclic Changes and Relationship between Peripheral and Endometrial NK Cells from Women with Repeated Failure after Artificial Insemination by Donor Sperm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hospital for Reproductive Medicine Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan 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