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We investigated the effect of lipopolysacharide (LPS<\/jats:styled-content>) and progesterone (P<\/jats:styled-content>4) upon expression of TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\/M<\/jats:styled-content>yD<\/jats:styled-content>88, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and HBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 on the human amniotic epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of study<\/jats:title>Explants of the human amniotic epithelium were pre\u2010treated with 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0\u00a0\u03bcm<\/jats:sc> of P<\/jats:styled-content>4; then cotreated with 1000\u00a0ng\/mL LPS<\/jats:styled-content>. TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 was immuno\u2010detected, and concentrations of M<\/jats:styled-content>yD<\/jats:styled-content>88, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and HBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 were quantified by ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>P<\/jats:styled-content>4 significantly reduced the expression of LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\/M<\/jats:styled-content>yD<\/jats:styled-content>88. LPS<\/jats:styled-content> increased the concentrations of TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and HBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 by factors of 30\u2010, eight, three, three, and fivefold, respectively. P4 at 1.0\u00a0\u03bcm<\/jats:sc> was the most effective dose to blunt the secretion of TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, and HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102. RU<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010486 blocks the effect of P<\/jats:styled-content>4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>P4 inhibited LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\/M<\/jats:styled-content>yD<\/jats:styled-content>88 and pro\u2010inflammatory factors in the human amniotic epithelium. These results could explain partially how P<\/jats:styled-content>4 can protect the amniotic region of fetal membranes and generate a compensatory mechanism that limits the secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory modulators, which could jeopardize the immune privilege during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T08:48:55Z","timestamp":1381913335000},"page":"61-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Progesterone Elicits an Inhibitory Effect upon LPS<\/scp>\u2010Induced Innate Immune Response in Pre\u2010Labor Human Amniotic Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Flores\u2010Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda \u2018Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes\u2019 Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad 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