{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:40:50Z","timestamp":1789749650132,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epididymitis, one of the most common urological diseases, can lead to the destruction of the epididymal duct and cause transient or permanent sterility. The aim of this study was to investigate the functions and related mechanisms of all trans retinoic acid (at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>) in alleviating the acute inflammation of epididymitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mouse model of the epididymitis was induced by injecting <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>scherichia coli<\/jats:italic> into the cauda epididymis. at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> was administrated for five consecutive days through intraperitoneal injection. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and Western blot. In addition, cultured primary mouse epididymal epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonists to identify whether the effect of at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> was mediated through <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate that at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> ameliorates the inflammation in mouse epididymitis by decreasing the expression of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of anti\u2010inflammatory factors including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010. Our results show that the upregulating effect of at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 was mediated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, and the enhancing effect of at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 expression was mediated via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These new results suggest that at<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> is involved in regulating the inflammatory response of epididymis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T17:01:40Z","timestamp":1389373300000},"page":"312-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["All\u2010<i>Trans<\/i>\u2010Retinoic Acid Ameliorates the Inflammation by Inducing Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and Interleukin 10 in Mouse Epididymitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weigan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing 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