{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:45:43Z","timestamp":1791413143030,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pigtail macaques, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>acaca nemestrina<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PT<\/jats:styled-content>), are more susceptible to vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIV<\/jats:styled-content>) and other sexually transmitted diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STD<\/jats:styled-content>) than <jats:italic>rhesus macaques<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RM<\/jats:styled-content>). However, comparative studies to explore the reasons for these differences are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we compared differences in hormone levels and vaginal mucosal anatomy and thickness of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RM<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PT<\/jats:styled-content> through different stages of the menstrual cycle. Concentrations of plasma estradiol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>2) and progesterone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>4) were determined weekly, and vaginal biopsies examined at days 0 and 14 of the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent changes in vaginal epithelial thickness occurred at different stages of the menstrual cycle. In both species, the vaginal epithelium was significantly thicker in the follicular than in luteal phase. Keratinized epithelium was strikingly much more prominent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RM<\/jats:styled-content>, especially during the luteal phase. Further, the vaginal epithelium was significantly thinner, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>2 ratio was higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PT<\/jats:styled-content> during luteal phase than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Striking anatomic differences in the vaginal epithelium between rhesus and pigtail macaques combined with differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>2 ratio support the hypothesis that thinning and less keratinization of the vaginal epithelium may be involved in the greater susceptibility of pigtail macaques to vaginal transmission of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIV<\/jats:styled-content> or other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T10:17:34Z","timestamp":1392286654000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Comparison of the Vaginal environment of <i>Macaca mulatta<\/i> and <i>Macaca nemestrina<\/i> Throughout the Menstrual Cycle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Sarah V.","family":"Hadzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center 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