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Consisting of secretions from epithelial cells (EC), stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells in tissues from the upper (Fallopian tubes, uterus, and endocervix) and lower (ectocervix and vagina) tracts, each tissue compartment is unique and precisely regulates immune cells to optimize conditions for successful pregnancy and protection against sexually transmitted diseases including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. Our goal in this review is to focus on the mucosal (tissue) environment in the upper and lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content>. Specifically, this review will identify the contributions of EC and fibroblasts to the tissue environment and examine the impact of this environment on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010target cells. Much remains to be learned about the complex interactions with the tissue environment at different sites in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content> and the ways in which they are regulated by sex hormones and chemical contraceptives. Awareness of the involvement of the tissue environment in determining immune cell function and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that lead to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevention, acquisition, and the development of new therapeutic modalities of immune protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T02:01:04Z","timestamp":1395712864000},"page":"171-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Role of Sex Hormones and the Tissue Environment in Immune Protection Against <scp>HIV<\/scp> in the Female Reproductive Tract"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Wira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon NH 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