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Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content>. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack viral, bacterial, and fungal targets. Within the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content>, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus, has evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content>. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, that protection varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle and as such, is dampened during the secretory stage of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STI<\/jats:styled-content> vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T06:06:47Z","timestamp":1397628407000},"page":"236-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Regulation of Mucosal Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract: The Role of Sex Hormones in Immune Protection Against Sexually Transmitted Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Wira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mickey V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"UNAIDS 2008. 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