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In non\u2010gestational tissues, the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>) 1 and 2, independent of their role in apoptosis, have emerged as important regulators of inflammation. There is, however, no data on the effect of human labour on the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>s in human gestational tissues, or on their role in modulating TNF\u2010\u03b1 induced inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myometrium and fetal membranes and myometrium were obtained from term non\u2010labouring and labouring fetal membranes and myometrium. Fetal membranes were also obtained from preterm non\u2010labouring and labouring fetal membranes with and without histological chorioamnionitis. The effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 knockdown by siRNA in myometrial primary cells on pro\u2010labour mediators was also determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression was significantly higher in fetal membranes and myometrium after spontaneous labour, in preterm fetal membranes with infection, and with LPS and TNF\u2010\u03b1. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression was also higher in fetal membranes after spontaneous preterm labour when compared to non\u2010labouring tissues. Knockdown of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 in primary myometrial cells significantly decreased TNF\u2010\u03b1 induced expression and secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20106 and IL\u20108); cyclooxygenase (COX)\u20102 expression and subsequent release of the prostaglandin PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>; the expression and secretion of MMP\u20109; and NF\u2010\u03baB transcriptional activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 are increased after labour in fetal membranes and myometrium and are involved in TNF\u2010\u03b1 induced\u2010expression of pro\u2010labour mediators. Thus, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cIAP<\/jats:styled-content>2 represent novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,21]],"date-time":"2014-07-21T08:59:08Z","timestamp":1405933148000},"page":"313-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cellular Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins <scp>cIAP<\/scp>1 and <scp>cIAP<\/scp>2 are Increased after Labour in Foetal Membranes and Myometrium and are Essential for <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1\u2010Induced Expression of Pro\u2010Labour Mediators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Lappas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercy Perinatal Research Centre Mercy Hospital for Women Heidelberg VIC Australia"},{"name":"Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group 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