{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1792084096216,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>The retarded development of fetal thymus in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) from maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy destroys the tridimensional structure and modifies the development of fetal T lymphocytes. The mechanisms, however, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of IUGR during late pregnancy on the development of the ovine fetal thymus and the T\u2010lymphocyte subpopulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of study<\/jats:title>Eighteen time\u2010mated ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups at day 90 of pregnancy: restricted group 1 (RG<\/jats:styled-content>1, 0.18 MJ ME<\/jats:styled-content>\/BW<\/jats:styled-content>0.75<\/jats:sup>\/day, n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06), restricted group 2 (RG<\/jats:styled-content>2, 0.33 MJ ME<\/jats:styled-content>\/BW<\/jats:styled-content>0.75<\/jats:sup>\/day, n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) and a control group (CG<\/jats:styled-content>, ad libitum<\/jats:italic>, 0.67 MJ ME<\/jats:styled-content>\/BW<\/jats:styled-content>0.75<\/jats:sup>\/day, n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06). Fetuses were recovered at slaughter on day 140.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Fetuses in RG<\/jats:styled-content>1 exhibited decreased (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) thymic weight, cortical thickness, cortical:medullary, DNA<\/jats:styled-content> content, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase; intermediate changes were found in RG<\/jats:styled-content>2 fetuses, including decreased thymic weight, cortical thickness, and DNA<\/jats:styled-content> content (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05). The reductions (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup>CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup>T cells, relative mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of keratin 8<\/jats:italic>, recombination activating gene 1<\/jats:italic> (RAG<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>), and B\u2010cell lymphoma 2<\/jats:italic> (Bcl\u20102<\/jats:italic>) were found in both restricted groups. In addition, there was reduced mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) of T\u2010cell receptor<\/jats:italic>, apoptosis antigen 1 ligand<\/jats:italic>, and RAG<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> in the RG<\/jats:styled-content>1 group. In contrast, increases in glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, caspase\u20103, Cytochrome c<\/jats:italic>, and CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup>T cells were observed (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05), and higher mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expressions (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) of protein 53<\/jats:italic>, Bcl\u20102 associated X protein<\/jats:italic> (Bax<\/jats:italic>), and apoptosis antigen 1<\/jats:italic> (Fas<\/jats:italic>) were found in RG<\/jats:styled-content>1 fetuses; and thymuses of RG<\/jats:styled-content>2 fetuses had increased caspase\u20103, and expression of Fas<\/jats:italic> and Bax<\/jats:italic> (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05), relative to control fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>These results indicate that reduced cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and increased cell apoptosis were the potential mechanisms for impaired development and microenvironment of IUGR<\/jats:styled-content> fetal thymus, and for modifying the maturation of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup>CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> thymocytes underlying their reduced numbers .<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T07:15:01Z","timestamp":1424762101000},"page":"26-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Intrauterine Growth Restriction During Late Pregnancy on the Development of the Ovine Fetal Thymus and the T\u2010Lymphocyte Subpopulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing Hohhot 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