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The aetiology of the disease remains an enigma, and the mechanisms responsible for the associated infertility are unclear. A role for immune cells in endometriosis has been postulated, with attention directed towards natural killer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells and macrophages. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells kill tumours and infected cells but also have roles in tissue remodelling in several organs including the uterus and are key to successful pregnancy. Here, we explore evidence (from peer\u2010reviewed published articles) of phenotypic and functional abnormalities in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell subpopulations of women with endometriosis. It is clear that peripheral blood <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells and peritoneal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells have reduced cytotoxic function in women with endometriosis. Uterine NK cells have a vital role in infertility, but very little research has been carried out in this area. We propose that abnormal u <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis and its associated infertility and that future research should focus on this complex area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]],"date-time":"2015-06-24T07:27:17Z","timestamp":1435130837000},"page":"291-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Natural Killer Cells: Key Players in Endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Uma","family":"Thiruchelvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry and Immunology Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Wingfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merrion Fertility Clinic National Maternity Hospital Dublin 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